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GLOSSARY
– А –
A fact of science – a situation, an event, a connection, a problem, a process, a system and many other things that really exist and can be the subject of research. These are the empirical data that are used to arrive at a theoretical conclusion.
A nation – is a stable community of people historically formed at a certain stage of social development, which is formed and reproduced on the basis of a common territory, economic life, language, cultural characteristics and psychological makeup.
A passing grade (Grade Point Average-GPA) – the average assessment of the level of educational achievements of a student on the selected program (the ratio of the sum of the products of credits for a digital equivalent of points of the final control to the total number of credits for the current period of training).
A population (lat. Populus – population, people) – is a group of people inhabiting a certain territory and connected by closer kinship with each other than with representatives of other groups.
A producing economy – is an economy when the main source of subsistence is cultivated crops and domestic animals. With the change of the appropriating economy, the society shifted from hunting and gathering to cattle breeding and agriculture.
A rule – is a written discipline, a principle based on a certain regularity.
A saint – is a sacred person who has the trust of the people, an impeccable commitment to an exceptional religious path.
A settlement – is a person's place of residence chosen for a long time and equipped with residential and working premises, with its own, often artificially created area for housing, and its surrounding economic territory.
A tradition – of cultural activity with traditional qualities.
Ability – internal conditions and the existence of the human psyche. Aboriginal – native permanent resident.
Abstraction – a mental operation (process), consisting in the ability to be distracted from specific facts, situations, some characteristics (properties, relations) of the studied subjects and at the same time to allocate, isolate the properties and relations of interest. The author uses isolating abstraction (analysis and synthesis) and generalizing abstraction (categorical synthesis, generalization, development of conclusions and conclusions). The role of abstraction in research work is growing from course to course, the importance of this process also depends on the degree of theoretical problems (topics).
Adaptation (Lat. аdapto – adaptation) – the process of adapting the system to the conditions of the external and internal environment.
Administration – the use of the order-administrative method in the case instead of a specific guide.
Acculturation – the transfer of cultural elements from one generation to another within one culture.
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Accuracy – diversity, complexity, development, integrity.
Agriculture – a set of measures aimed at improving soil fertility. These activities in the narrow sense include the use of implements for tillage, in the broad sense
– integrated agricultural systems, fertilizer, irrigation and drainage.
Aksakal – is an honorable person whose age is approximately higher than the height. Moral the word always, and outside, unity, to save seats in the auditorium of the elderly. It provides not only assistance to the family, but also to all farms.
Analogy – a method of constructing and obtaining theoretical knowledge, which consists in establishing some similarity between a known object of knowledge or description and a new one and building a new one on the basis of this similarity, i.e. on a sample.
Analysis – a mental operation consisting in decomposition, dismemberment of the object of knowledge into its component parts and consideration of them as independent. It is also a method of cognition in the study of theoretical and empirical sources of research. As a mental operation analysis is the initial stage of knowledge of the problem. As a method of cognition – it is a complex action, combined with others, so there are types of analysis: systemic, structural, critical, problematic, comparative, etc.
Annotation – a brief bibliographic description of a book or article, made in the form of a brief summary of their features, which include the content, scientific genre, target and reader purpose, information about the author. Annotations are placed in books, brochures, before articles in magazines and newspapers. They serve as the basis for the accelerated selection of the source for special reading.
Animal husbandry – a branch of the economy or economic order associated with the maintenance and breeding of farm animals. It includes cattle breeding, poultry farming, fish farming, beekeeping, silkworm breeding, rabbit breeding, dog breeding, pig breeding and others. Different branches of animal husbandry arose at different times and in different regions of the world.
Animism – believe in ghosts and aruana that affect the lives of people, animals, objects and phenomena of the surrounding world.
Anthropogenesis (from Greek. Anthropos – man, genesis-education, becoming) – the process of formation and development of man as a universal factor.
Anthropology – 1) the science studying the origin and evolution of the man, the formation of human races and the normal variations of the physical structure of the man, referred to as physical anthropology; 2) the science that studies the culture of primitive, traditional and modern societies; the same as ethnography, ethnology, cultural anthropology; 3) the science that studies the man in a variety of forms of his life. It includes a number of disciplines: prehistoric anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, physical anthropology, etc.
Anthropomorph (from Greek. anthropos – man, and morphe – form, shape ) – image of any creature or animal, which displays the image of a person, animal, diagram.
Archaeology – a science that studies the historical past of the humankind by physical monuments.
Archetype – prototype, primary form, sample. The term became widespread thanks to the works of the Swiss psychologist C.G. Jung. Archetype is innate mental
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