General Index

Absolute power, 13–14 Absolutism, 68–69, 191 Administratability, 40

Administrative costs, 49, 56–57, 146, 186– 188

Administrative deference, 7, 62 Administrative discretion, 95, 148, 156,

161, 188–189

Administrative law, 62, 115, 149–163 Administrative power, 3–4, 10 Administrative Procedure Act, 4, 156–157,

159–160, 163

Administrative regulation, 5, 150, 154, 156, 158, 162–163

African Americans, 2

Agencies, government, 6–7, 62, 149–163, 166–171, 175–178

Agricultural Adjustment Act, 2, 212n21 Agriculture, 2–4, 16, 56, 61, 109–110, 142 AIG, 173

Airbags, 163

Airline industry, 111–112 Air rights, 12, 104 Alienation, 91–95, 103 American Airlines, 111–112

American Health Benefit Exchanges, 185

Antifederalists, 17 Antitrust laws, 2, 22, 47, 56

Appellate courts, 103, 153, 159

222

Arbitrary and capricious decisions, 7, 159– 163, 178

Arbitrary power, 10, 13–14, 17, 61, 191 ArÂisÂtotle, 49–50

Army Corps of Engineers, 155–156 Articulation of rules, 7, 11, 14–15, 19–21,

29, 43–44, 95, 159, 191 Association, freedom of, 137–138

Automobile industry, 128–129, 162–163, 178

Autonomy, 45, 47, 61, 182

Bad faith, 34 Bailouts, 145, 173 Banking industry, 173 Bank of America, 173

Bankruptcy, 169, 174, 178 Bargaining units, 152–153

Bias, 9, 18–20, 147, 150–153, 166, 173, 175 Bible, 13

Black Lung Benefits Act, 167 Blackstone, William, 19 Bologna, Dominick, 112 Bonham, Thomas, 18 Boundary lines, 80, 85–86, 88

Bramwell, Baron (George Wilshere), 87, 203n13

“Brandeis” briefs, 123 Brennan, William, 104 Bristol-Myers -Squibb, 27

Bundle of rights, 8, 58, 74, 77–96, 103, 144

California, 116, 136, 144, 210n6 Capital markets, 2–3, 5, 9 Cartels, 2, 55–57, 121, 212n21 Carter, Jimmy, 157, 162

Cash compensation, 58–60, 107, 118 Catholics, 137

G E N E R A L I N D E X

Causation, 81–82 Centralized state planning, 11 Change, 12

Charlotte, N.C., 24 Chase Bank, 173 Checks and balances, 28

Child abuse, 165, 210nn4,6 Christian Legal Society, 138–139 Christie, Christopher, 27 Citibank, 173

Civil Code (Germany), 76 Civil law, 80

Civil proceedings/sanctions, 2–3, 6, 20– 22, 24–25, 94, 159–160, 166

Civil Rights Act, 3 Civil War, 125 Clans, 15–16

Clarity, 7, 14–15, 19–21, 95, 159, 191 Class actions, 26–27, 49, 100 Classifications of persons/groups, 22–23,

123, 126–127, 144, 151 Clayton Antitrust Act, 2 Clean Air Act, 157 Clean Water Act, 155

Coal Industry Retiree Health Benefit Act, 169

Coase, Ronald, 51, 92

Coercion, 14, 18, 22, 27, 46–48, 51–52, 54, 58, 73, 93, 97–98, 106–107, 128–132, 153–154, 182

Coke, Edward, 18–19

Collective bargaining, 2, 56, 125–126, 128 Commerce Clause, 181

Commodities Futures Trading Commission, 175

Common carriers, 11, 121, 136, 138 Common employment, 122

Common law, 19, 37, 50, 73, 135, 144, 151,

G E N E R A L I N D E X

160, 176; in bundle of rights, 80, 85, 87–88; and eminent domain, 101, 103, 113, 115, 117–118; and liberty interests, 122, 124–125

Common networks, 47, 69–72, 78, 97–98 Common property, 8, 69–74, 95 Communications, 11, 69, 71–73, 78, 158–

159

Compensation, just, 14, 98–99, 101–109, 117–118, 131–133, 140; cash, 58–60, 107, 118; in-Âkind, 58–60, 107, 119; full, 101, 103; none, 113, 115, 117–119

Compensation, workers, 122–125, 167 Competition, 23, 72, 120–121, 135, 190; as

social gain, 53–54; and eminent domain, 101, 104, 112, 114; and labor, 122– 123, 125–126, 128–129; and health care reform, 184, 186, 188

Competitive markets, 11, 14, 60, 62, 125– 126, 128, 148

Competitive prices, 56 Competitive rate of return, 70, 94

Comptroller of the Currency, Office of the, 175

Congress, U.S., 2, 28, 111, 127–128, 147, 152, 155–156, 165, 168, 181, 188, 192, 204n22. See also speÂcific laws

Consequentialism, 46–47 Conservatism, 15 Consistency, 7, 19, 191

Consolidated Edison Company, 161 Constitution (EnÂglish), 17

Constitution (U.S.), 8, 19, 26–29, 67–68, 98–100, 105–106, 112, 140, 165–166, 178, 181, 188, 199n33, 210n4

Consumer protection, 2, 38, 56, 151 Consumer surplus, 185, 188 Contingent commissions, 26

223

Contract, freedom of, 8, 32, 63–64, 94, 120, 122–123, 126, 131, 134, 206nn6,10

Contracting out, 124–125 Contract law, 44, 50 Contract rights, 61–63, 69

Contracts, 3–4, 6, 11, 32, 149, 164, 191, 210n5; and natural law, 50–51, 55; labor, 64, 75, 120–121, 125–126, 129–130; in bundle of rights, 93–94; and markets, 120–121; and retroactive legislation, 167–168

Contradictions, 19, 21 Contributions, 27

Cooperation, 15–16, 32, 46–48, 51–52, 75, 97–98, 130, 156

Cooperative surplus, 132 Copyrights, 164 Corporations, 62–63, 154 Corrective justice, 49–50, 144 Cost-ÂbeneÂfit analyses, 33, 53, 57

Costs, 5; administrative, 49, 56–57, 146, 186–188; transaction, 51, 73–74, 88, 91– 92, 100, 106, 113–114, 118

Court of Appeals (New York), 103 Covenants, 88, 99–100

Criminal proceedings/sanctions, 2, 5–6, 20–21, 23–26, 44, 51, 94, 151, 165

Cross-Âsubsidies, 145, 183–184 CVS pharmacy, 112

Dallas, Texas, 111–112

Dallas–Fort Worth Airport, 111–112

Damnum absque iniuria, 52–54, 82 David (biblical king), 13 Davis-ÂBacon Act, 2

Debts, 165

Decisionmaking, 6–7, 18, 25, 27, 33–34, 37, 50, 52, 150–151, 153, 175–176

224

Deference, 7, 62, 154–159 Democracy, 10–13, 61–65, 147, 191 Democratic Party, 26, 149, 152 Deregulation, 163 Desirability/desires, 57–58, 60–61, 67

Development of property, 53–54, 63, 78– 79, 83, 90, 104, 112–113, 135, 160

Dicey, A. V., 17

Didden, Bart, 112

Diminishing marginal utility of wealth, 141, 143

Discretion, 4, 8, 12, 17, 31, 38, 43–44, 91, 149, 151, 159, 171, 190–192; good management for, 6–7, 150; executive, 18; prosecutorial, 23–27, 49; judicial, 33– 34, 37, 41, 49, 87, 89; of juries, 37, 40– 41; of law enforcement ofÂfiÂcials, 66; administrative, 95, 148, 156, 161, 188–189; and eminent domain, 98, 103, 105, 110– 111, 117; and positive-Âsum projÂects, 133– 134, 138–140; in fiÂnanÂcial reform, 174, 176; in health care reform, 180, 188–189

Discretionary power, 17

Disposition rights, 8, 78, 91–95, 101, 103– 106, 144

Dispossession, 101–103, 106, 110, 112 Distribution of wealth. See Redistribution

of wealth

Divergence between adjudication/administration and legislation, 20–22

Divine law, 13–14, 46 Divorce, 136–137

Dodd-ÂFrank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, 3, 9, 149– 150, 172–179, 189

Domestic law, 47 Drugs, 38, 41, 146

Due proÂcess, 19, 68, 166, 178

G E N E R A L I N D E X

Due Process Clauses, 67, 166

Duress of goods, 92–93

Dynamic efÂfiÂciency, 71

Easements, 89, 99–100, 133–135 Economic growth, 5, 68, 143, 191 Economic liberty, 30, 54, 120 Economic Opportunity Act, 3 Efficiency, 6, 42, 71, 82, 87, 113, 186 Elections, union, 128–129, 152–153 Electricity, 11, 69, 71, 160–161

Eminent domain, 8, 14, 57, 96; necessity of, 97–99; takings, 99–106; jusÂtifiÂca tions for, 106; and just compensation, 106–109; for public use, 109–113; and police power, 113–117; in integrated system, 117–119

Employee Free Choice Act, 128–130 Employees, 2–3, 38, 121, 124–129, 151–152,

180, 212n18

Employer Liability Act, 122, 124 Employers, 121, 124–129, 153, 180, 185, 188,

212n18

Employment, 75, 94, 122–123, 130 Endangered species, 3

Energy issues, 11, 114–115, 160–161 EngÂland, 17, 19, 44, 80, 87 Entitlements, 58, 61–62, 73–74, 135, 148 Environmental protection, 3, 5, 61, 133,

135, 155–157

Environmental Protection Agency, 157 Equality, 20–23, 79

Equilibrium, 7, 38, 79, 83, 120 Evidence, 20, 25, 153, 160 Exactions, 133–137

Exclusive use, 79 Executive discretion, 18

Executive power, 17–18, 28–29

226

Hobbes, Thomas, 15, 68; Leviathan, 201n2 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 85

Hoover, Herbert, 2

Hours, working, 64, 121–123, 126 House of Representatives, U.S., 111, 188.

See also Congress, U.S.

Housing, 39–40, 53, 62, 64, 75, 102–103, 169–171

Hume, David, 46

Hydroelectric power plants, 160–161

Illinois, 144

Imperfect obligations, 142–143 Incentives, 38, 62–63, 142, 147, 174 Income, 2, 5, 9, 197n27

Income tax, 100, 108, 147 Individual autonomy, 47, 61, 182 Individualization, 32

Individual liberty, 1, 10, 44 Individual mandate, health insurance,

181–184

Individual rights, 4, 44, 61, 63, 67, 150 Individuals, 15–17

Individual welfare, 51 Injunctions, 100, 113, 160

In-Âkind compensation, 58–60, 107, 119 Insensitivity to variations, 75

Insurance, health, 179–189, 212nn19,24,26 Insurance brokers, 26

Intellectual property, 12, 164–165 InterÂnet, 71

Intervention, 49 Invasion, 80, 83–84, 86–87

Investment, 5, 11, 60, 70–71, 94, 103, 169, 187

Jackson, Robert H., 127

Japan, 76

G E N E R A L I N D E X

Jews, 66

Johnson, Lyndon, 3

J. P. Morgan Chase, 173 Judges, and bias, 18–19, 150–151

Judicial discretion, 33–34, 37, 41, 49, 87, 89

Judicial oversight, 7, 25, 127, 160, 163 Judicial power, 17–18, 28

Judicial review, 9, 150, 153–163, 178 Judiciary, and rule of law, 23–27, 66 Juries, discretion of, 37, 40–41

Just compensation, 14, 98–99, 101–109, 117–118, 131–133, 140

Justice, 19, 32, 49–50, 74, 144, 161 Justinian: Institutes, 45

Kaldor-ÂHicks approach, 59–61, 64, 87, 203n13

Kaplan, Doug, 116 Kennedy, Arthur, 156

Labor, 2–5, 68, 122–128, 142, 192

Labor contracts, 64, 75, 120–121, 125–126, 129–130

Labor Department, U.S., 130

Labor markets, 4, 56–57, 61, 94, 125, 127– 128, 130, 150, 180

Labor regulation, 122–123, 125, 128–129, 192

Labor unions . See Unions Laissez-faire capÂitalism, 122

Land, 69, 73, 192; transactions concerning, 58–59; real estate markets, 59, 148; in bundle of rights, 78–81, 83–90; development of, 78–79, 83, 90, 104, 112– 113, 135; disposition rights, 78, 101, 103– 106; possession rights, 78–80, 101, 103–106, 135; use rights, 78–80, 101,

G E N E R A L I N D E X

103–106, 135; parcels of, 80, 89, 107; and eminent domain, 98–107, 112–113, 115– 119; and positive-Âsum projÂects, 132–135

Landlords, 39–40, 62, 102–103 Landmark preservation, 104–106, 116, 118 Land use regulations, 79, 88, 118, 135, 192 Language, clarity of, 7, 14–15, 19–21, 95,

159, 191

Latecomers to common networks, 69 Legal questions, and judicial review, 154–

159

Legal rights, 58 Legislative power, 28–29

Legislatures: and rule of law, 27–30; and bias, 151–152

Lehman Brothers, 173

Liability, 21, 52, 80, 84, 87, 106, 114, 122, 124, 154; and reasonableness standards, 34–42; and retroactive legislation, 165, 168–170

Liberalism, 1, 6–8, 10–12, 14–15, 18, 27, 30, 45, 54, 57, 60, 64–65, 69, 78, 94, 104, 106, 108, 114, 120–122, 125, 130, 134, 141, 143, 148–150, 156, 164–165, 170

Libertarianism, 45–46, 55–57, 60, 108 Liberty, 6, 11, 21, 68, 79, 113, 120–130; in-

dividual, 1, 10, 44; of contract, 8, 32, 63–64, 94, 120, 122–123, 126, 131, 134, 206nn6,10; economic, 30, 54, 120; of religion, 100, 137; of speech, 100; of association, 137–138; poÂlitÂiÂcal, 137

Licenses, 18, 26, 29, 165, 179

Limited government, 1, 12, 45–46, 57, 61 Live-Âand-Âlet-Âlive rule, 84–87

Lochner, Joseph, 122

Locke, John: Second Treatise of Government, 13, 16–18, 20–21, 29, 67–68, 74, 99

227

Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Com-

pensation Act, 154

Love Field (Dallas), 111–112

Madoff, Bernard, 64

Majority, will of, 4, 100, 111, 191 Malpractice, 37–38

Management, 6–7, 24, 145, 150, 162, 175 Mandatory arbitration, 129–130 Market power, 70

Markets, 174, 184, 190; capÂital, 2–3, 5, 9; labor, 4, 56–57, 61, 94, 125, 127–128, 130, 150, 180; competitive, 11, 14, 60, 62, 125–126, 128, 148; stability of, 11; real estate, 59, 148; monopolistic, 60, 121, 128; voluntary, 98, 131; and contracts, 120–121

Marshall, John, 210n5 Marshall, Thurgood, 161, 168 Massachusetts, 136 Maximization of gains, 8 McDonald’s, 187

Medicaid, 3, 146

Medical loss ratios, 184–189 Medical malpractice, 37–38 Medicare, 3, 146–147, 208n6 Medicare Annual Report, 146 Memphis, Tenn., 161 Michelman, Frank, 14

Mill, John Stuart, 53, 80, 82–83 Miller, Marc, 24–25

Mills, 109–110 Milwaukee, Wis., 24 Minimum wage, 2, 127

Mining industry, 122, 124, 167–169 Mitigation, 133, 135

Monopolies, 2, 17, 121, 190; state, 56–57; natural, 70

228

Monopolistic markets, 60, 121, 128 Monopolistic Âunions, 125–126 Monopoly power, 47, 93, 136, 138, 191 Monopoly prices, 55–56, 71

Montesquieu, Baron de (Charles-Louis de Secondat): Spirit of the Laws, 27, 29

Morality, 32, 45–46, 48, 57

Mortgages, 103, 167, 169–171

National Credit ÂUnion Administration Board, 175

National defense, 47

National Industrial Recovery Act, 176 National Labor Relations Act, 2, 126, 128,

152

National Labor Relations Board, 128, 152– 153, 209n5

National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, 162

Naturalist ethics, 57 Natural justice, 19, 74

Natural law, 8, 13–15, 19, 30; converging with utilitarianism, 43–54; diverging from utilitarianism, 55–65

Natural monopolies, 70 Nature, state of, 15, 17, 74, 99 Nazism, 66

Negative-Âsum projÂects, 131, 140 Negligence, 33–34, 36–37, 124

Networks, common, 47, 69–72, 78, 97–98 Neutrality rule, 7, 21, 66–67, 154, 166, 192 New Deal, 1–2, 4–5, 56–57, 60, 65, 125,

156, 172, 196n26 New Jersey, 27

New London, Conn., 110 New Orleans, La., 24

New York, 26, 103–104, 122, 144

G E N E R A L I N D E X

New York City, 104, 116 Nixon, Richard, 3

Nondiscrimination rule, 11, 22–23, 25, 67, 70, 121, 138–139

Nondomination, 11 Noninvasive actions, 85–86 Norris-ÂLaGuardia Act, 2 Notice, 86

Nuclear power plants, 114–115 Nuisances, 14, 80, 84–87, 89, 99, 106,

113–115, 117–118, 121, 136, 160, 165, 203n11

Obama, Barack, 3–4, 9, 130, 150, 172, 196n26

Obligations, imperfect, 142–143 Occupation rights. See Possession rights Overtime pay, 2, 126–127

Overton Park (Memphis), 161

Parcels of land, 80, 89, 107

Pareto tests, 58–61, 64, 85, 87, 89, 182, 203n13

Parliament, sovereignty of, 19 Patents, 164

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 3, 5, 9, 149–150, 172–173, 179–189, 212nn18,19,24,26

Pecuniary externalities, 52–54, 80 Penn Central railroad, 104

Pension Benefit Guaranty Fund, 170 Pensions, 3, 167, 170

Permissive joinder, 49

Permits, 29, 54, 100, 114–117, 119, 133–135, 140, 202n5, 209n14

Personal property, 73 Phenergan, 41

G E N E R A L I N D E X

Plato, 191

Political liberty, 137

Politics, 21, 28, 59, 63, 100, 103, 111, 114, 143, 146, 148, 152–154, 167, 171, 188, 191– 192

Pollution, 53, 62, 79, 112–114 Port Chester, N.Y., 112 Positive-sum projÂects, 131–140

Possession rights, 8, 78, 101–103, 106 Pound, Roscoe, 126

Poverty, 93–94, 142–143, 146

Power: administrative, 3–4, 10; arbitrary, 10, 13–14, 17, 61, 191; absolute, 13–14; state, 14, 17, 60, 97, 99, 119, 144; discretionary, 17; executive, 17–18, 28–29; judicial, 17–18, 28; greater versus lesser, 25–26; coercive, 27, 97; separation of, 27–29, 151; legislative, 28–29; police, 29, 99, 112–119, 125, 135–136; monopoly, 47, 93, 136, 138, 191; poÂlitÂiÂcal, 63; market, 70; federal, 126, 156

Predation, 55–56 Preemption defenses, 41 Presidency, U.S., 28, 152

Price Administration, Office of, 177 Price controls, 177, 186–187

Prices, 53, 55–56, 71 Prisoner’s Dilemma, 118, 140 Private law, 44, 99, 105, 134

Private property, 1, 3, 6–9, 149, 190; and rule of law, 10, 29–30; and reasonableness standards, 35; and natural law, 45, 54, 60, 65; and property rights, 66–69, 73, 76; in bundle of rights, 77, 92, 95; and eminent domain, 98–99, 103, 105– 106, 113; and positive-Âsum projÂects, 131; and redistribution, 144; and fiÂnanÂ

229

cialâ/âhealth care reforms, 179, 181, 184, 188

Procedural justice, 74 Producer surplus, 185 Product design, 33, 36–40 Productivity, 121, 148

Progressivism, 1–5, 8, 57, 65, 120–121, 125– 128, 149–150

Property, 1, 4, 6, 11–12, 16, 68, 76, 113, 149, 164–165, 191–192; private, 1, 3, 6–10, 29–30, 35, 45, 54, 60, 65–69, 73, 76–77, 92, 95, 98–99, 103, 105–106, 113, 131, 144, 149, 179, 181, 184, 188, 190; common, 8, 69–74, 95; intellectual, 12, 164– 165; in chattels/consumables, 16; personal, 73; separate, 73–76

Property law, 44, 101, 164–165 Property rights, 3–4, 7, 192; and rule of

law, 12–13; and reasonableness standards, 31–32; and natural law, 44, 58–59, 61–63; in grand social scheme, 66–76; in bundle of rights, 77–78, 90–91, 95; and eminent domain, 97, 99, 105–106, 117; and positive-Âsum projÂects, 132, 134– 135, 140; and redistribution, 141, 143– 144, 148; and retroactive legislation,

171

Property values, 53, 101, 107, 111, 135, 171 Proportionate gain standards, 64 Prosecutorial discretion, 23–27, 49 Prospectivity, 7, 191

Protectionism, 2, 23, 54

Public administration, 6–7, 9, 44, 64, 98– 99, 138, 149, 181, 186, 190–192

Publication of laws, 19, 21 Public law, 44, 99, 124, 134

Public use, 98–99, 109–113, 117–118

230

Railroads, 104, 107, 122, 124 Rate of return, 70–71, 94 Rate regulation, 70–71

Rational-basis test, 110–111, 118, 165, 171, 178

Reagan, Ronald, 157, 162–163 Real estate. See Land

Real estate markets, 59, 148 Real estate taxes, 118

Real externalities, 53, 80

Reasonable and nondiscriminatory rates, 70

Reasonable care, 34

Reasonableness, 31–43, 70, 95, 121, 138 Reciprocal risk, 84–85 Redistribution of wealth, 9, 141–148,

184

Refundable tax credits, 108, 147 Regulation, 7, 40, 47, 63, 73, 160; fiÂnanÂ

cial, 2–5, 27, 150, 173–179, 189, 192; administrative, 5, 150, 154, 156, 158, 162– 163; and rule of law, 11–12, 14, 23–24, 27; rate, 70–71; land use, 79, 88, 118, 135, 192; and taxation, 92, 106–108, 143, 146–147; and eminent domain, 103, 106–108, 116–119; housing, 103; labor, 122–123, 125, 128–129, 192; and positiveÂsum projÂects, 135, 138, 140; and redistribution, 143, 146–147; and fiÂnanÂcial reform, 172, 178–179; and health care reform, 172, 179, 181, 187–188

Regulatory takings, 103–105 Religion, freedom of, 100, 137 Remedies, 49, 90

Rent control, 62, 102–103, 186 Rent stabilization, 102–103 Republican Party, 3, 26, 152, 156, 188

G E N E R A L I N D E X

Restitution, 44

Restraints on alienation, 92–95 Retribution, 25–26

Retroactive legislation, 9, 19, 21, 88, 110, 150, 163–171

Revenue Act, 2

Right and wrong, 45–46

Rights, 21; property, 3–4, 7, 12–13, 31–32, 44, 58–59, 61–63, 66–78, 90–91, 95, 97, 99, 105–106, 117, 132, 134–135, 140–141, 143–144, 148, 171, 192; individual, 4, 44, 61, 63, 67, 150; bundle of, 8, 58, 74, 77– 96, 103, 144; disposition, 8, 78, 91–95, 101, 103–106, 144; possession, 8, 78, 101–103, 106; use, 8, 78–80, 92, 101, 103–106, 135; air, 12, 104; legal, 58; contract, 61–63, 69

Risks, 84–85, 94, 124, 181, 184 Roman law, 44, 52, 73, 80, 83 Rome, ancient, 13, 28, 46

Roosevelt, Franklin, 1–2, 65, 93, 196n26, 212n21

Royal College of Physicians, 18

Rule of law, 3, 6–9, 190–191; traditional conception of, 10–30; historical evolution of, 13–18; against bias, 18–19; beyond bias, 19–20; and equality, 20–23; and prosecutorial discretion, 23–27; legislative matters, 27–30; and reasonableness standards, 31–42; and natural law, 43–45, 63, 65; and property rights, 66–67, 74; and bundle of rights, 88, 95; and eminent domain, 97–98, 111, 113; and liberty interests, 125, 127, 129–130; and positive-Âsum projÂects, 138, 140; and redistribution, 141, 143, 148; diminished, 149–163; and retroactive legisla-

tion, 164, 171; in fiÂnanÂcialâ/âhealth care reforms, 172–173, 179, 181, 186, 189

Safety, 3, 23, 29, 39, 114–115, 122–125, 136, 162–163, 178

St. Patrick’s Day Parade, 137 San Diego, Calif., 24 Scalability, 74–75, 87, 144 Scalia, Antonin, 155

Securities and Exchange Act, 2

Securities and Exchange Commission, 64, 175

Selective legislation, 66–67 Selective prosecution, 25–27 Self-Âinterest, 15–16, 166, 182 Separate property, 73–76 Separation of powers, 27–29, 151 Seton Hall Law School, 27 Sherman Antitrust Act, 2 Signage, 118

Simplicity, 8, 95, 191

Small-Âgovernment libertarianism, 12, 45– 46, 57

Small-number disputes, 47–54 Smith, Adam, 108 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, 2 Social contract, 15–17, 99

Social democratic government, 11–12, 61– 65

Social gains, 53–54

Social infrastructure, 47, 97, 162 Social insurance, 184

Social Security, 2, 4, 146 Social surplus, 85, 132–133 Social utility, 46–47, 51, 141

Social welfare, 32, 51–53, 55–56, 58–61, 64, 85, 87, 203n13

Sotomayor, Sonia, 112 Southwest Airlines, 111–112 Special interests, 111 Speech, freedom of, 100 Spite fences, 86, 203n11 Spitzer, Eliot, 26

Stability, 12, 61, 80, 95 State monopolies, 56–57

State power, 14, 17, 44, 60, 82, 97, 99, 119, 144, 184

States’ rights, 199n3 Static efÂfiÂciency, 71

Statute of limitations, 165–166, 210nn4,6 Statutory defenses, 41

Steel industry, 129 Stevens, John Paul, 157, 163 Stimulus programs, 5

Stock market crash (1929), 2

Storm King hydroelectric facility, 160– 161

Story, Joseph, 210n5

Students for a Democratic Society, 139 Subsidies: tax, 105; health insurance, 145,

181, 183–187

Supreme Court (Massachusetts), 136 Supreme Court (U.S.), 28, 41, 72, 104–

105, 110–112, 117, 122–123, 125, 134, 136– 139, 152–163, 167–170, 176–177, 210n5.

See also Index of Cases

Supreme Court (Vermont), 41 Sustainability, 146–147

Swift & Company, 127

Taft-ÂHartley Act, 4

Takings, 103–106, 110–111, 117–119, 140

Takings Clause, 98–100, 105–106

Tariffs, 2

232

Taxation, 2, 5, 47, 57; and housing, 64; and regulation, 92, 106–108, 143, 146– 147; and eminent domain, 100, 106– 110, 118; of income, 100, 108, 147; flat tax, 108–109, 165; of real estate, 118; and positive-Âsum projÂects, 133–135; and redistribution, 143–147; and retroactive legislation, 168–169; and health care reform, 182–183

Tax credits, 108, 147 Tax subsidies, 105

Technical externalities, 53 Technology, 12, 71–73, 179, 192 Telecommunications Act, 71, 158 Tenants, 40, 62, 102–103, 151 Tenth Amendment, 199n33 Testimony, 25

Texas, 111–112

Three Mile Island nuclear facility, 115 Three-party situations, 48, 50

Tort law, 33–41, 44, 47, 52, 114, 122, 124, 144, 164

Trade, 32, 50–51, 53–55, 57, 70, 78, 93, 121, 131

Trade wars, 144

Transaction costs, 51, 73–74, 88, 91–92, 100, 106, 113–114, 188

Transfer of beneÂfits, 26 Transfer payments, 3, 73, 147 Transportation, 69, 78, 110–112 TreaÂsury, Secretary of the, 175 Trespasses, 80, 84, 165 Two-Âparty situations, 47–48, 50

Unbundled network elements, 72 Unconstitutional conditions, 26, 139–140 Unemployment, 5, 127, 130, 180 Uniformity, 24, 40, 78, 153

G E N E R A L I N D E X

Uniform Land Use Review Process, 116 Unions, 2, 122, 124–126, 128–129, 152–153 United Auto Workers, 128

United States Employee Compensation Commission, 154

Unlimited use, 79 Unstable laws, 20–21

Use rights, 8, 78–80, 92, 101, 103–106, 135 Utica, N.Y., 122

Utilitarianism, 8, 30, 32, 87; converging with natural law, 43–54; diverging from natural law, 55–65

Vermont, 41

Virginia, 144

Voluntary exchanges, 14, 32, 50, 75, 88, 92, 95, 121, 128, 171; and eminent domain, 97–98, 100, 112, 118; and positive-sum projÂects, 131; and redistribution, 141– 143, 147–148; and health care reform, 182–185

Voluntary markets, 98, 131

Wages, 2, 64, 121, 124, 126–129 Waivers, health insurance, 187–188 Waldron, Jeremy, 11

Walgreen’s pharmacy, 112 Warnings, 36–38, 40–41 Wasser, Greg, 112 Water, 69, 109–110, 113

Wealth, 32, 51, 75, 93, 107, 109, 191; redistribution of, 9, 141–148, 184; diminishing marginal utility of, 141, 143

Wechsler, Herbert, 24

Welfare: social, 32, 51–53, 55–56, 58–61, 64, 85, 87, 203n13; individual, 51

Welfare programs, 141, 143–144, 147 Welfare state, 134, 141