Index

index 261

Democracy, role in fostering

Equitable estoppel doctrine, 205

forbearance, 230–33

Equitable servitude test. See

Demsetz, Harold, 43

Servitude

Demsetz theory, 43–50, 90

Estate in tail, 103

“Designer kitchen” phenomenon, 152

Estates and future interests,

Destroy, right to, 90–91

system of, 95

Digital rights management (DRM), 73

common law system of temporal

Discovery, principle of, 23–29

classifications, 97

Dispersed property ownership, 13

conservation of estates, 105–7

Divisions of property rights, 123

customization of property,

co-ownership, 113–18

harm in, 108–9

estates and future interests,

dead hand control, 110–11

95–113

defeasible fees, 101–2

married co-ownership, 118–22

fee simple absolute, 99–100

Divorce, division of property, 119–22

fee simple subject to a condition

Doctrines of first sale, in copyright

subsequent, 102

and patent laws, 87

fee simple subject to an

Domain of property

executory limitation, 103

Demsetz theory, 43–50

fee tail, 103

hybrid resources, 59–63

freehold interests, 98

personhood perspective, 51–55

full (absolute) ownership, 97–99

state of inherently public, 55–59

law of waste, 106–7

Dominant estate, 200

of life estate, 100

Dower, 119

numerus clausus, 108–9

Due Process Clauses of the Fifth

present possessory interest vs

and Fourteenth Amendments

future possessory interest,

to the U.S. Constitution, 73,

97–102, 107

233–34, 238

remainders, 100–101

Dumping activity, 43–44

restraints on alienation, 109–10

Duties of public accommodations, 79

reversion, 100–101

Rule Against Perpetuities (RAP),

110–13

Eagle Enterprises v. Gross, 213

third party costs, 109

Easements, 7, 198, 200–207

wait-and-see reform

appurtenant, 200, 202

statutes, 112

by implication, 203

Euclidean zoning, 216–17,

by necessity, 204

219–20

in gross, 201

Exclusion strategy, 6–7, 10, 45, 49,

negative easement, 200

57, 59, 61–63, 73–74, 125, 183,

Ejectment, 70

188, 195, 257

Enforcement, of property, 48–50

Exclusionary Zoning, 220–21

English Civil War, 98

Exclusion, right to, 4–9, 65, 69.

Entertainment venues, 85

See also Owner’s right

Environmental laws, 215

to exclude

Equitable conversion, 161–62

Executory interest, 103–4

Explicit takings of property, by

Foreclosure sale, 177–78

government

Fourteenth Amendment, 82

just compensation, 248–51

Freehold interests, 98

provisions of state

Fuentes v. Shevin, 73

constitutions, 241

Full ownership, 97

public use limitation, 241–48

Fundamental nature of

Externalities, 14, 43–44, 183

property, in relation

Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 69

to contract and tort, 1

Eyerman v. Mercantile Trust Co., 90

“Fungible” property, 51

Future covenants, 163

Future possessory interest, 97–102

Faber v. Creswick, 139

Fair Housing Act (FHA) (1968),

82–83

Garner v. Gerrish, 108, 130

Mrs. Murphy exception, 82–83

Gastineau v. Gastineau, 121

Fair-market-value

“Gatekeeper” right, 7, 65, 69

standard, 249–50

owner powers, 84–93

Family wealth, transmission of,

trespass law, 70–84

128–29

General warranty deed, 162

FCC v. NextWave Pers. Commc’ns

Ghen v. Rich, 77

Inc., 180

Gifts, 92

Federal Commerce Clause, 62

Gifts causa mortis, 93, 115, 166

Federal Communications

Goldberg v. Kelly, 235

Commission (FCC), 180

Good faith purchasers for value

Federal landholdings. See Federal

(GFPVs), 37, 89, 169–73

public domain

Goss v. Lopez, 236

Federal public domain, 57

Government forbearance, 235

Fee simple absolute, 99–100

Governance strategy, 6–7, 65, 151,

Fee simple subject to a condition

213, 257

subsequent, 102

Government policy, toward

Fee simple subject to an executory

property

limitation, 103

compulsory acquisitions, 241–51

Fee tail, 103

infl uence of democratic politics

Feudalism, 98

and social norms, 230–33

Fiduciary duties of trustees, 156

issues with forbearance

First English Evangelical Lutheran

requirements, 224–29

Church v. County of

regulatory takings doctrine,

Los Angeles, 240

251–58

First possession, 18–23, 76

risks associated with government

Fixtures, law of, 32

actions, 224–29

Fontainebleau Hotel Corp. v. Forty-Five

rule of law, 233–41

Twenty-Five, Inc., 205

sources of forbearance, 229–33

Forcible entry and detainer

GPS systems, 165

(FED), 72

Grantee index, 167

index 263

Grantor index, 168

INS v. AP. See International News

Gray, John Chipman, 110

Service v. Associated Press

Ground rent, 130

In re Estate of Anderson, 112

In personam rights, 9, 54

In rem rights, 8–10, 33, 54

Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 217

Institution of property

Hannan v. Dusch, 134

concerns, 14–16

Harms v. Sprague, 116

justifi cations, 11–14

Haslem v. Lockwood, 48

Intangible resources, rights in, 3

Hawaii Hous. Auth. v. Midkiff, 242

Intel Corp. v. Hamidi, 70–71

Head v. Amoskeag Mfg. Co., 246

Intellectual property rights, 3, 29,

Hecht v. Superior Court, 54

61–63

Hegel, G. W. F., 51

Intentional nuisance, 194

Heirs, 99

Intentional trespass, 193

Historic preservation laws, 91

Internalizing externalities, 43–45,

Holmgren v. Little Village Community

47, 61

Reporter, 83

International News Service v.

Homeowners’ association (HOA),

Associated Press, 27–28

148–49

Intestate succession, 92

Housing codes, 139

IP license, 87

Human slavery, 52

“Irrelevant” externality, 44

Hunting, 23

Irrevocable licenses, 85

Hurst v. Picture Theatres, Ltd., 86

Jablonski v. Clemons, 140

Illinois Central R. Co. v. Illinois, 56

Jacque v. Steenberg

Implied warranty of habitability

Homes, Inc., 68–69

(IWH), 138–43, 149, 164

Javins v. First Nat’l Realty

In kind partition, 117

Corp., 139

Incentives, 12, 20–21, 45

Johnson v. M’Intosh, 24–26

Individual autonomy, 13

Johnson v. Whiton, 108

Individual tradeable quotas (ITQs),

Joint tenancy, 115–17

47–49

unities of interest, possession,

Information dissemination, 58

time and title, 114–15

Information goods, background

Judicial foreclosure sale, 178

rule for, 61–62

Justifi cations, for institution of

Informational externality, 87

property, 11–14

Information-related goods,

Justinian’s Institutes of the Roman

intellectual property rights, 29

Empire, 19

Informed consent, 53–54

Ingalls v. Hobbs, 139

Inherently public property, 55–59

Keeble v. Hickeringill, 23

Injunctions, 70, 75, 192, 196–200,

Kendall v. Ernest Pestana, Inc., 145

209–210

Kelo v. New London, 243–48

index 265

Marketable title, 161

Native American tribes, property

Married co-ownership, 118–22

concepts, 24–25

issues in asset division following

Natural flow theory, 60

divorce, 120–22

Navigable rivers, 58–59

Married couples, tenancy mode for,

Navigation servitude, public rights

115–16

in, 32, 56, 58

Married Women’s Property Acts,

Necessity, usage of property out of,

118–19

75–76

Marrone v. Washington Jockey Club of

Negative externalities, 14, 43–44

the District of Columbia, 86

Negative value product, 48

Marshall, Chief Justice, 24

Neighborhood effects

Marvin v. Marvin, 121

Coase theorem, 185–92

Mathews v. Eldridge, 236

contractual aspects, 207–15

Matthews v. Bay Head Improvement

easements, 200–207

Assn., 78

forms, 183–84

McConico v. Singleton, 77

regulatory laws, 215–21

McKee v. Gratz, 77

tort liability (nuisance),

Mechanic’s liens, 173

192–200

Medieval grazing commons, 21–22

Nemo dat quod non

Michelman, Frank, 252

habet, 24, 168–71

Mining Act (1872), 26

Network eff ects, 58

Mining law and principle of

Newman v. Sathyavaglswaran, 54

discovery, 26–27

New Property, 235

Mislaid property, 39

News organizations, competing,

Monopoly, 14–15

issues of copyright, 27–28

Monopsony, 26

Nonconsensual acquisitions, 34

Moore v. Regents of

Norman Conquest, 98

California, 53–54

Norwood v. Horney, 248

Moral limitations, of

Notice, 20–21, 164

ownership, 10

Nuisance, 8, 32, 70, 192–200

Mortgages, theory of, 116–17,

live-and-let-live approach, 76

176–81

Trifl ing inconveniences, 194

Murphy v. Fin. Dev. Corp., 178

Numerus clausus principle, 108–9,

146, 162, 175, 180

N. Am. Cold Storage Co. v. Chicago,

236

Objects of ownership,

Nahrstedt v. Lakeside Vill. Condo.

limitations, 10

Ass’n, Inc., 151

O’Brien v. O’Brien, 120

National Bellas Hess v. Kalis, 108

O’Connor, Justice, 244

National Environmental Policy Act

Open mines doctrine, 107

(NEPA), 215

Open-access commons, 21, 29, 45,

Native American Graves Protection

47, 58–59

and Repatriation Act

Open-access fishery, 21

(NAGPRA), 55

Option contracts, 113

Original acquisition, modes of

Penn Central Transportation Co. v.

adverse possession, 34–38

New York, 254–55

analogies in, 40

Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon,

fi rst possession, 18–23

254–55

principle of accession, 30–33

Periodic tenancy, 131

principle of discovery and

Permissive waste, 106

creation, 23–29

Permitting schemes, 49

sequential possession, 38–40

Personal communications service

Origins of property, theory, 17

(PCS), 180

Ouster, 114

Personal property, 36, 72, 89, 166

Overconsumption of the

protection of, 68

resource, 46

Personhood property, 51–55

Owner powers

Pierson v. Post, 18–23, 31, 40

abandonment and destruction,

Planned unit development (PUD),

89–91

219–20

bailments, 87–89

Plenteous resources, 50

creating ownership rights in

Ploof v. Putnam, 75

another, 91–93

Pocono Springs Civic Ass’n, Inc. v.

license law, 85–87

MacKenzie, 90

Owner protection, laws for, 66–71

Poletown Neighborhood Council v. City

Owner sovereignty, 67, 183

of Detroit, 241

Owner-object relations, 15

Positive externalities, 44

Owner’s right to exclude

Possession, 1, 25, 35, 68–70, 84,

antidiscrimination laws,

87–89, 100, 113–15, 123,

81–84

129–36, 154, 193

custom, 76–78

co-ownership, 113–18

law of public accommodations,

Possession, first, 18–23, 76

79–81

Possibility of reverter, 102

necessity, 75–76

Power of termination, 102

Ownership of wild animals,

Prah v. Marreti, 206

18–19

Presault v. United States, 90

and principle of accession, 31

Prescription, 204–5

Present covenants, 163

Present possessory interest, 97–102

Paradine v. Jane, 136

Prior appropriation system. See

Parent-child relation, 52

Water rights

Partial restraints on alienation,

Private nuisance, 192–93

91–92

Privileges (or liberties), 7

Partition, 117

“Privity of estate”, 145, 211–12

Patents, 3, 62

Procedural due process, 233–36

Payne v. Tennessee, 238

Products liability law, 139

Penn Bowling Recreation Ctr., Inc. v.

Property

Hot Shoppes, Inc., 207

as an institution, 2–4

index 267

as a form of sovereignty, 13

Replevin, 34, 36, 70, 73

Legal Realist bundle of rights, 4–8

Resource management

in procedural due process, 234–35

common interest communities,

range of uses, 6–7

146–53

traditional view of, 6

family wealth, 128–29

William Blackstone’s definition

leasing, 129–46

of, 4–8

property strategy for, 11

Property, forms of, 125–29

real estate development, 127

PruneYard Shopping Center v.

role of incentives, 12

Robins, 80

shopping center, 125–26

Public accommodations law, 79–81

specialization of functions in, 125

Public Land Survey System, 165

trusts, 153–57

Public nuisance, 192–93

Restatement of the Law Second, Torts,

Public property, 4, 55–59

192, 194

Public trust, 56

Restatement of the Law Third,

Public Use, 242–48

Property, 213

Pufendorf, 19

Restatement of the Law Third, Trusts,

Punitive damages, 69

155, 157

Restitution, 31, 179

Retirement condominium, 92

Quasi-property, 27–28

Reverse engineering, 29

Quitclaim deed, 162

Reversion, 100–101, 145

Revolutionary War debts, 57

Riddle v. Harmon, 116

Racially discriminatory

Right of entry, 102

covenants, 82

Right of occupancy, 24

Radin, Margaret Jane, 51

Right of survivorship, 115–16

Rangeland, 48

Right to pollute, 200

Ratione loci, doctrine of, 31

“Rights,” to fishing spots, 2

Ratione soli, doctrine of, 31

Riparianism. See Water rights

Real covenant test . See Servitudes

Riparian land, 60

Real estate development,

Roman law, 56

organization of, 127

Rule Against Perpetuities (RAP), 95,

Reap-sow principle, 28

101, 110–113

Reasonable prospect, of capture, 19

Rule of capture, 18–19

Recording acts, 168

Rule of increase, 30

Notice statutes, 169

Rule of law

Race statute, 168

defi nition, 233

Race-notice statutes, 169

doctrine of sovereign immunity,

Registration, 167

239–41

Regulatory takings doctrine, 251–57

doctrine of vested rights, 236–38

Relativity of title, 38–39

procedural due process, 233–36

Remainders, 100–101

stare decisis, 238–39

Saint Francis College v. Al-Khazraji, 84

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v.

Sales of goods, property

Campbell, 69

ownership, 91

State of Oregon ex rel. Thornton v.

San Remo Hotel v. San Francisco, 240

Hay, 78

Sax, Joseph, 251

State v. Shack, 67

Schipper v. Levitt & Sons, Inc., 164

Statute of Frauds, 160, 164

S. Burlington County NAACP v. Twp. of

Statute of limitations, 34–37, 163

Mount Laurel, 220

Statutes

Secured creditors, 176

5 U.S.C. § 702, 240

Security interest, in personal

16 U.S.C. § 1133(c), 57

property, 71

28 U.S.C. § 1346, 240

Security interests, 176–81

42 U.S.C. § 1982, 83

Self-help, 71–74

42 U.S.C. §§ 12101–12213, 84

Self-protective measures, 73–74

42 U.S.C. §§ 4321–4335

Semicommons, 15

(2000), 215

Seminole Tribe of Fla. v.

42 U.S.C. § 2000a(b), 80

Florida , 240

42 U.S.C. § 2000a(e), 80

Sequential possession, 38–40

8B U.L.A. 223 (2001), 112

Servient estate, 200

Probate Code §§ 2–901 to

Servitudes, 213–14

–906, 8 U.L.A. 61–62

equitable servitude test, 209–12

(Supp. 2006), 112

real covenant test, 209–12

U.C.C. § 2-403(2), 89

Settlor, 154–55

UCC § 2-315, 140

Shaare Tefila Congregation v. Cobb, 84

UCC § 2-403(1), 172

Shelley v. Kraemer, 81–82

UCC §§ 2A-213, 2A-214(3), 140

Shelter rule, 170

UCC § 2-316(3)(a), 140

Shopping center, organization of,

Story, Justice, 225–27, 229

125–26

Strong personhood constraints, 51,

Slavery, 52

52, 55

Social norms, role in fostering

Sublease, 145–46

forbearance, 231–33

Surrender doctrine, 136

Socialist countries, property

Surveying, 164–65

systems in, 4

Symphony Space, Inc. v. Pergola

Sovereign immunity, doctrine of,

Properties, Inc., 113

239–41

Soviet Russia, 230

Special warranty deed, 163

Tahoe-Sierra Pres. Council, Inc. v.

Specificatio, doctrine of, 30

Tahoe Reg’l Planning

Specifi c performance, 160

Agency, 257

Spendthrift clauses, 156

Takings Clause, 240, 245,

Spur Industries, Inc. v. Del E. Webb

251–52

Development Co., 198–99

Taney, Chief Justice, 225–26,

Squatters, 35

229, 250

Stare decisis, 238–39

Telephone system, 58

index 269

Temporal divisions of property,

owner’s right to exclude, 74–84

95–98

self-help rights, 71–74

Temporal priority, 195–96

Trover, 70. See also Conversion

Tenancies, 98

Trusts, 128, 153–57

Tenancy at sufferance. See Leasing

duties of impartiality, 156

Tenancy at will. See Leasing

duties of loyalty, 156

Tenancy by the entirety, 117

duties of prudence, 156

Tenancy in common, 114–15, 117

Tucker Act, 240

Tenhet v. Boswell, 116

Tulk v. Moxhay, 209–11

Th eft offenses, criminal law of, 68

Th ird-party beneficiary law, 9

Th ird-party information

Undercompensation, 250

costs, 109

Undisclosed easement, 161

Th omas, Justice, 245

Unequal bargaining

Title II of the Civil Rights Act of

power, 141–42

1964, 80

Uniform Anatomical

Title insurance, 167

Gifts Act, 53

Title records, 166–75

Uniform Commercial Code (UCC),

adverse possession, 173–74

140, 160, 171–72

common, 166

Uniform Relocation Act, 250

examination methods for, 167–68

United States v. 564.54

good faith purchasers for value

Acres, 250

(GFPVs), 169–73

United States v. Causby, 56

principle of property

United States v. Craft, 118

transfer, 168

United States v. Starrett

recording acts, 168–70

City Assoc., 83

recording system, 166–67

United States v. Winstar, 240

Title search, 167–68

Unreasonableness, 194–95

Titles to land in the United

Unwanted e-mails,

States, 26

invasion of, 70

Torrens system, 167

defensive measures by

Tort liability, 1, 8, 118, 192–200

owners, 70–71

Total restraints on alienation, 91

U.S. Const. art I, § 8, cl. 8., 62

“Touch and concern” the land,

U.S. Const. art. I, § 10, cl. 1., 224

144–45, 212–13

Usery v. Turner Elkhorn

Tradable fishing quotas, 8

Mining Co., 238

Trademarks, 3

Uston v. Resorts Int’l Hotel, Inc., 80

Tragedy, of the commons, 21

Transfer of property, 1, 91–93,

159–66

Valet parking, 87

Transfer on death, 93

Valley View Indus. Park v. City of

Trespass law, 31, 92

Redmond, 217

context of an invasion of an

Variances. See Zoning

intranet system, 70–71

Vested remainders, 100